| Animal model | Positive symptoms | Negative symptoms | Cognitive symptoms | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIP | Amphetamine | Disrupted PPI, deficit in latent inhibition, and amphetamine sensitization (1, 3 mg/kg challenge) | No effect on social interaction | Impaired working memory | [2, 9, 12, 14, 83, 84] |
| Scopolamine | Disrupted latent inhibition | Social recognition deficit in 3-chamber test | Working memory deficit (T-maze spontaneous alteration) | [3, 20, 85] | |
| Ketamine | Hyperlocomotion | Increased immobility in forced swim test | Deficit in fear conditioning and working memory | [4, 35, 86] | |
| PCP | Hyperlocomotion | Reduced social interaction | Attentional set-shifting deficit (Extra dimensional shift) and disrupted working memory | [5, 32, 33, 34, 87] | |
| LSD | Hyperlocomotion | Decreased social behavior | Not reported | [6, 42, 45] | |
| Rather, the cognitive function such as increased associate learning was observed | |||||
| Schizophrenia | DISC1 | Impaired PPI and impaired latent inhibition in mice with mutation L100P | Deficit in the forced swim test in mice with mutation Q31L | Working memory deficit in mice with mutation L100P (T-maze) | [55, 57] |
| Neuregulin 1 | Reduced PPI in mice overexpressing cysteinerich domain variant; hyperlocomotion and reduced PPI in Nrg1 (ΔEGF)+/− mice and typeIII Nrg1 (ΔTM)+/− mic | Social recognition deficit in Nrg1 (ΔTM)+/− mice | Inconsistent results in working memory deficit in Nrg1 (ΔTM)+/− mice | [69, 88] | |
| Dysbindin | Hyper responsivity to acute methamphetamine | Social interaction deficits | Impaired working memory | [75, 78] | |
aDIP, drug induced psychosis; PCP, phencyclidine; LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide; DISC1, disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1; PPI, prepulse inhibition; EGF, epidermal growth factor; TM, transmembrane; Nrg, neuregulin.