| ASD Model | Male phenotype | Female phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| VPA | Reduced sociability and social recognition | Repetitive behavior | Kim et al., 2013 |
| Increased seizure susceptibility | Cho et al., 2017 | ||
| Reduced pain sensitivity | Schneider et al., 2008 | ||
| Increased anxiety | |||
| Repetitive behavior | |||
| PZD | Increased sociability | Reduced nest-building | Grabrucker et al., 2016 |
| Increased anxiety | Impaired social novelty | ||
| Decreased social interaction | |||
| Repetitive behavior | |||
| Increased anxiety | |||
| MIA | Abnormal startle response | Abnormal startle response | Xuan et al., 2014 |
| Reduced social preference | Social preference deficit | Hui et al., 2018 | |
| Increased repetitive behavior | Ruskin et al., 2017 | ||
| Hyperactivity | Foley et al., 2015 | ||
| MeCP2 | Declined juvenile social play | Abnormal motor function | Kurian et al., 2008 |
| Anxiety-like behavior | Breathing problem | Meng et al., 2016 | |
| Abnormal seizure-like tremor | Patterson et al., 2016 | ||
| Motor abnormality | |||
| Ehmt1 | Anxiety-like behavior | Anxiety-like behavior | Balemans et al., 2010 |
| Reduced sociability and preference | Decreased sociability and novelty | ||
| Decreased juvenile social play | No social novelty preference | ||
| Mthfr | Anxiety | Anxiety-like behavior | Levav-Rabkin et al., 2011 |
| Hyperactivity | Hyperactivity | Blumkin et al., 2011 | |
| Cognition problem | Cognitive deficit | ||
| Reduced social preference | Decreased social preference | ||
| BTBR | USV problem | Mild USV problem | Schwartzer et al., 2013 |
| Repetitive behavior | Mild repetitive behavior | ||
| Reduced sociability | Mild reduced sociability | ||
| Gstm1 | Repetitive behavior | Mild repetitive behavior | Yochum et al., 2010 |
| Reduced sociability | Mild reduced sociability | Singhal et al., 1992 | |
| 16p11.2 hemideletion | Reward-directed learning deficit | Hyperactivity | Grissom et al., 2018 |
| Hyperactivity | Angelakos et al., 2017 | ||
| Sleep deprivation | |||
| CHD8 | Social communication problem | No specific behavior features | Jung et al., 2018 |
| Hypoactivity | Platt et al., 2017 | ||
| Repetitive behavior | |||
| RORA | Repetitive behavior | Not determined in mouse model | Goodall et al., 1987 |
| Reduced exploration | Lalonde et al., 2003 |
VPA, valproic acid; PZD, prenatal zinc deficiency; MIA, maternal immune activation; MeCP2, Methyl CpG binding protein 2; Ehmt1, Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1; Mthfr, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; BTBR, BTBR T+tf/J; Gstm1, glutathione-S-transferaseM1; CHD8, Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8; RORA, RAR-related orphan receptor alpha.