| Effector | Expression | Promoter | Genetic tool | Delivery | Photostimulation | Released gliotransmitter | Response (nearby neurons) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response (opsin+ cells) | Response (animals) | ||||||||
| CatCh or ChR2(H134R) | Rat cortical astrocytes | GFAP | None | Txn. | Inward current, [Ca2+]i↑ | n.d. | Glutamate | sEPSC, [Ca2+]i↑ | Ref. 97 |
| CatCh or LiGluR | Mouse neocortical astrocytes | CAG | None | Txn. | [Ca2+]i↑ | n.d. | Glutamate | n.d. | Ref. 98 |
| CMV | |||||||||
| ChR2 | GL261 cell line (murine astrocytes) | CMV | None | Txn. | Na+ & Ca2+ influx, [H+]i↑ | n.d. | Glutamate | [Ca2+]i↑, apoptosis | Ref. 106 |
| ChR2, ChR2(H134R), CatCh, optoα1AR or optoβ2AR | Rat cortical astrocytes | GFAP | None | AAV | [Ca2+]i↑ | n.d. | ATP (autocrine) | n.d. | Ref. 107 |
| ChR2(C128S) | Cerebellar slices | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | Inward current, c-fos ↑ | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | Ref. 110 |
| ChR2(C128S) | Cerebellar slices | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | Inward current | Glutamate | Inward current in PC | Ref. 111 | |
| Cerebellum ( | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | n.d. | Perturbation of motor behavior, pupil dilation ↑ | n.d. | c-fos in PC, SC/BC ↑ | ||
| ChR2(C128S) | Cerebellar slices | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | Inward current, [H+]i↑ | n.d. | Glutamate | Inward current in PC | Ref. 70 |
| ArchT | Cerebellar slices | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | Outward current, [H+]i↓ | n.d. | Ischemia-induced current in PC ↓ | Ref. 70 | |
| Cerebellum ( | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | Ischemic infarction ↓ | |||||
| ChR2(C128S) | Somatomotor cortex ( | Mlc1 | tTA/tetO | TG mice | n.d. | CBF ↑ | K+ | n.d. | Ref. 112 |
| ChR2(C128S) | V1 cortical slices, V1 ( | GFAP | None | AAV | [Ca2+]i↑ | n.d. | Glutamate | mEPSC ↑ (PV+ neuron) mixed resp. (SOM+, excitatory neuron) | Ref. 117 |
| ChR2 | Brainstem slices, primary culture | GFAP | None | AAV | [Ca2+]i↑ | ATP | Depolarization of RTN neurons | Ref. 16 | |
| VS ( | GFAP | None | AAV | n.d. | Respiratory activity ↑ | ATP | n.d. | ||
| ChR2(H134R) or optoβ2AR | Brainstem slices | GFAP | None | AAV | [H+]i↑ | n.d. | L-lactate | Depolarization of LC neurons, NE release↑ | Ref. 120 |
| ChR2 | STN ( | GFAP | None | lentivirus | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | Firing of STN neurons ↓ | Ref. 124 |
| ChR2(H134R) | Hypothalamus ( | GFAP | None | AAV | n.d. | NREM, REM sleep ↑ | n.d. | n.d. | Ref. 125 |
| ChR2(H134R) | ACC ( | GFAP | Cre | AAV | n.d. | Wakefulnees ↑, NREM sleep ↓ | n.d. | n.d. | Ref. 126 |
| ArchT | V1 cortical slices | GFAP | Cre | AAV | [Ca2+]i↑ | Glutamate | Slow oscillation state in V1 neurons ↑, firing rate of V1 neurons ↑ | Ref. 127 | |
| V1 ( | |||||||||
AAV, adeno-associated virus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; ArchT, light-gated outward proton pump; BC, basket cells; ChR2, channelrhodopsin-2; CatCh, calcium translocating channelrhodopsin; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CMV, cytomegalovirus; sEPSC, spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission; GFAP, glial acidic fibrillary acidic protein; GC, granule cell; GL261, murine astrocyte cell lines; LC, locus coeruleus; LiGluR, light-gated ionotropic glutamate receptor 6; mEPSC, miniature excitatory synaptic transmission; Mlc1, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1; NE, norepinephrine; NREM, non-rapid eye movement; optoα1AR, a chimeric receptor combined rhodopsin with α1-adrenoreceptor; optoβ2AR, a chimeric receptor combined rhodopsin with β2-adrenoreceptor; PC, purkinje cells; PV, parvalbumin; REM, rapid eye movement; Resp, response; RTN, retrotrapezoid nucleus; SC, stellate cells; SOM, somatostatin; STN, subthalamic nucleus; tTA, tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator; tetO, tTA-responsive promoter sequence; TG, transgenic; Txn, transfection; V1, primary visual cortex; VS, ventral surface of the brainstem; n.d., not determined.