Experimental Neurobiology

Table 1PET studies in patients with PTSD

PET studies of regional cerebral metabolism
Study	Condition	PTSD	Control	Increased/decreased	Brain regions
Mollina et al. (2007) [5]	Resting	15	6 (non-PTSD)	↑rCMRglu↓rCMRglu	Temporal, occipital, fusiform cortices, and cerebellum Insula, cingulate gyri, and hippocampus
Shin et al. (2009) [6]	Resting	(1) 14 (2) 19 (non-PTSD)	(3) 14 (co-twin HC) (4) 19 (co-twin HC)	(1), (2)>(3), (4)	dACC and MCC
Bremner et al. (1997) [7]	Symptom provocation	10	10 (HC)	↓ Metabolism	OFC, parietal cortex, and temporal cortex including the hippocampus

PET studies of regional cerebral blood flow
Study	Condition	Paradigm	PTSD	Control	Increased/decreased	Brain regions
Bremner et al. (1999) [8]	Symptom provocation	Sensory stimuli	10	10 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Posterior cingulate, precentral/inferior parietal cortex, and lingual gyrus mPFC including ACC
Shin et al. (1997) [9]	Symptom provocation	Sensory stimuli	7	7 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Ventral ACG and right amygdala Broca's area
Pissiota et al. (2002) [10]	Symptom provocation	Sensory stimuli	17	-	↑	Right sensorimotor cortex and right amygdala
Vermetten et al. (2007) [11]	Symptom provocation	Sensory stimuli	8	8 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Amygdala, insula, mPFC, and ACC Lateral PFC
Bremner et al. (1999) [12]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	10	10 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Motor and posterior cingulate cortices mPFC (particularly ACC), hippocampus, and visual association cortex
Shin et al. (1999) [13]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	8	8 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	[All trauma exposed group (PTSD+non-PTSD)] OFC and anterior temporal poles↓ Left inferior frontal gyrus
Britton et al. (2005) [14]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	16	15 (non-PTSD) 14 (HC)	↓	rACC
Shin et al. (2004) [15]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	17	19 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Amygdala Medial frontal gyrus
Rauch et al. (1996) [16]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	8 (traumatic scripts)	8 (PTSD) (neutral scripts)	↑ ↓	Right limbic and paralimbic regions and visual cortex Left inferior frontal and middle temporal cortcies
Osuch et al. (2001) [17]	Symptom provocation	Script-driven imagery	12	-	↑ ↓	Brainstem, lingual, bilateral inusla, right putamen, left hippocampal/parahippocampal, somatosensory, and cerebellar regions DLPFC, right fusiform gyrus, and right MTC
Bremner et al. (2005) [19]	Symptom provocation	Fear conditioning	8	11 (non-PTSD)	↑ ↓	Left amygdala ACC
Giloba et al. (2004) [20]	Symptom provocation	Functional connectivity	14	12 (non-PTSD)	Effective connectivity	Amygdala on visual cortex, subcallosal gyrus, and AC
Semple et al. (1993) [21]	Active task	Emotion-unrelated	6	7 (HC)	↑ ↓Perfusion ratio	OFC Left/right hippocampus
Semple et al. (1996) [22]	Active task	Emotion-unrelated	8	8 (HC)	↓	Parietal cortex
Semple et al. (2000) [23]	Active task	Emotion-unrelated	7	6 (HC)	↑ ↓	Right amygdala, left parahippocampal gyrus, and occipital cortex Frontal cortex including ACC
Shin et al. (2004) [24]	Active task	Emotion-unrelated	8	8 (non-PTSD)	↑	Left amygdala and bilateral hippocampus
Bremner et al. (2003) [25]	Active task	Emotion-unrelated	10	12 (non-PTSD) 11 (HC)	↓	Left hippocampus, OFC, and cerebellum
Shaw et al. (2002) [26]	Active task	Functional connectivity	10	10 (HC)	↑ ↓	Left precentral gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal lobes Fronto-temporal regions
Bremner et al. (2003) [27]	Active task	Emotion-related	10	11 (HC)	↑ ↓	Left middle frontal gyrus, visual association cortex, left IPC, and PCC mPFC, left hippocampus, and inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus
Bremner et al. (2004) [28]	Active task	Emotion-related	12	9 (non-PTSD)	↓	ACC

PET studies of labeled ligand
Study	Neuroreceptor/transporter	PTSD	Control	Increased/decreased	Brain regions
Frick et al. (2016) [35]	5-HT transporters neurokinin-1 receptor	16	16 (HC)	↓ Expressions	Insula, putamen, thalamus, and lateral orbitofrontal gyrus
Liberzon et al. (2007) [29]	Micro-opioid receptors	16	14 (non-PTSD) 14 (HC)	↓ Binding potentials	ACC and amygdala
Pietrzak et al. (2014) [30]	Kappa-opioid receptors	35 (30 traumaexposed, 5 HC)	-	↓ Receptors	Amygdala-ACC-ventral striatal neural circuit
Neumeister et al. (2013) [31]	Brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor	25	12 (non-PTSD) 23 (HC)	↑ Receptors	ACC, amygdala, OFC
Sullivan et al. (2013) [32]	5-HT(1A) receptors	20	49 (HC)	↑ Bindings	Amygdala and brainstem raphe nuclei
Bonne et al.(2005) [33]	5-HT(1A) receptors	12	11 (HC)	-	Not significant
Pietrzak et al.(2013) [34]	5-HT(1B) receptors	49	-	↑ 5-HT1B heteroreceptors↓ Receptors	Pallidum and hippocampus - associated with anxious arousal symptoms Hippocampus - associated with behavioral inhibition and numbing symptoms
Pietrzak et al.(2013) [36]	NET	22	16 (non-PTSD) 18 (HC)	↓ Transporters	Locus coeruleus
Geuze et al.(2008) [37]	GABA(A) receptors	9	7 (non-PTSD)	↓ Bindings	Cortex, hippocampus and thalamus

The ↑symbol indicates an increase, and ↓a decrease.

5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); AC, anterior cingulate; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; ACG, anterior cingulate gyrus; CATs, catecholamines; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GM, gray matter; HC, healthy controls; IPC, inferior parietal cortex; MCC, medial cingulate cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; MTC, medial temporal cortex; ET, norepinephrine transporter; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PET, positron emission tomography; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PTSD, posttraumatic disorder; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; rCMRglu, resting cerebral metabolic rate for glucose.

Exp Neurobiol 2016;25:277~295 https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2016.25.6.277