ASD Model | Male phenotype | Female phenotype | References |
---|---|---|---|
VPA | Reduced sociability and social recognition | Repetitive behavior | Kim et al., 2013 |
Increased seizure susceptibility | Cho et al., 2017 | ||
Reduced pain sensitivity | Schneider et al., 2008 | ||
Increased anxiety | |||
Repetitive behavior | |||
PZD | Increased sociability | Reduced nest-building | Grabrucker et al., 2016 |
Increased anxiety | Impaired social novelty | ||
Decreased social interaction | |||
Repetitive behavior | |||
Increased anxiety | |||
MIA | Abnormal startle response | Abnormal startle response | Xuan et al., 2014 |
Reduced social preference | Social preference deficit | Hui et al., 2018 | |
Increased repetitive behavior | Ruskin et al., 2017 | ||
Hyperactivity | Foley et al., 2015 | ||
MeCP2 | Declined juvenile social play | Abnormal motor function | Kurian et al., 2008 |
Anxiety-like behavior | Breathing problem | Meng et al., 2016 | |
Abnormal seizure-like tremor | Patterson et al., 2016 | ||
Motor abnormality | |||
Ehmt1 | Anxiety-like behavior | Anxiety-like behavior | Balemans et al., 2010 |
Reduced sociability and preference | Decreased sociability and novelty | ||
Decreased juvenile social play | No social novelty preference | ||
Mthfr | Anxiety | Anxiety-like behavior | Levav-Rabkin et al., 2011 |
Hyperactivity | Hyperactivity | Blumkin et al., 2011 | |
Cognition problem | Cognitive deficit | ||
Reduced social preference | Decreased social preference | ||
BTBR | USV problem | Mild USV problem | Schwartzer et al., 2013 |
Repetitive behavior | Mild repetitive behavior | ||
Reduced sociability | Mild reduced sociability | ||
Gstm1 | Repetitive behavior | Mild repetitive behavior | Yochum et al., 2010 |
Reduced sociability | Mild reduced sociability | Singhal et al., 1992 | |
16p11.2 hemideletion | Reward-directed learning deficit | Hyperactivity | Grissom et al., 2018 |
Hyperactivity | Angelakos et al., 2017 | ||
Sleep deprivation | |||
CHD8 | Social communication problem | No specific behavior features | Jung et al., 2018 |
Hypoactivity | Platt et al., 2017 | ||
Repetitive behavior | |||
RORA | Repetitive behavior | Not determined in mouse model | Goodall et al., 1987 |
Reduced exploration | Lalonde et al., 2003 |
VPA, valproic acid; PZD, prenatal zinc deficiency; MIA, maternal immune activation; MeCP2, Methyl CpG binding protein 2; Ehmt1, Euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1; Mthfr, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; BTBR, BTBR T+tf/J; Gstm1, glutathione-S-transferaseM1; CHD8, Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8; RORA, RAR-related orphan receptor alpha.