Representative studies showing various biological effects of phytoncides including α-pinene and 3-carene
| Literature | Approaches | Main finding |
|---|---|---|
| Park et al. [19] | Physiological parameter measure (Cerebral activity, Salivary cortisol) | Forest bathing reduced the cerebral activity and stress hormone |
| Gomes-Carneiro et al. [38] | Salmonella/microsome assay | Inhalation of α-pinene showed anxiolytic effect |
| Detection of accumulated α-pinene in bran and liver | ||
| Satou et al. [32] | Anxiety behavior (elevated plus maze) measure | Inhalation of α-pinene showed anxiolytic effect |
| α-pinene detecting in organs by gas chromatography | Detection of accumulated α-pinene in bran and liver | |
| Yamaoka et al. [39] | Sleep behavior measure | Inhalation of α-pinene increased the REMS |
| Yang et al. [33] | Sleep behavior measure | Oral administration of α-pinene increased the NREMS, prolonged the GABA response |
| Electrophysiology | ||
| Molecular medeling | The binding site of α-pinene in GABAA BZD receptor was predicted | |
| Ocete et al. [40] | Anti-inflammatory assay | Oral / intraperitoneally administration 3-carene showed the anti-inflammatory effect |
| Woo et al. [34] | Electrophysiology | Oral administration of 3-carene prolonged the GABA response |
| Molecular medeling | The binding site of α-pinene in GABAA BZD receptor was predicted |