Fig. 4. Histopathological examination of retinas in the normal (A, F, K), CFA (B, G, L), EAU+Vehicle (C, H, M), and EAU+Betaine (D, I, N) groups. The retinal inflammation was difficult to be clearly distinguished in the HE staining (A~D). Iba1 immunohistochemistry was performed to reveal clear retinal inflammation. (E) The bar graph displays the comprehensive results of hematoxylin and eosin and Iba1 staining. Some Iba1-positive microglia (arrowheads in F, G) were confirmed in the normal (F) and CFA (G) groups. An increased number of Iba1-positive ramified microglia (arrowheads in H, I) were detected in the EAU-induced retina (H, I). (J) The bar graph displays the results of semi-quantitative analysis. The activation of Müller cells was confirmed via immunohistochemical staining using glutamine synthetase (GS), a Müller cell marker (double arrowhead in M, N), compared to the normal (K) and CFA (L) groups. (O) A significant increase in the GS-positive area was observed in the EAU+Betaine group compared with the EAU+Vehicle group. Scale bars in (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I), 50 μm. Scale bars in (K, L, M, N), 20 μm. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 vs. normal control; †††p<0.001 vs. CFA; #p<0.05; ###p<0.001 vs. EAU+Vehicle.
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