Fig. 5. The analysis of adhesion molecule, pro-inflammatory mediators, and anti-oxidant molecules after betaine treatment. (A) Although the existence of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), one of the representative adhesion molecule, was kept in higher expression level in EAU+Vehicle group, the betaine treatment inhibited to rising of the VCAM1. (B) Consequently, the Serpina3n, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were showed analogous to that of VCAM1 inclination, but not in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). (C) The mRNA levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, SOD2, and SOD3 increased in the EAU+Betaine group. *p<0.05; **p<0.01 vs. normal control; †p<0.05 vs. CFA; #p<0.05; ##p<0.01; ###p<0.001 vs. EAU+Vehicle.
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