The advanced cranial and spinal windows applying to optical neuroimaging combined with other neurological research methods
| Subject | Animal | Mouse | Rat | Mouse | Mouse | Rat and mouse | Mouse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-COP4/EYFP)18Gfng/J | Male Sprague Dawley rats | Thy1-GCaMP3, wild-type | VGAT-ChR2-EYFP BAC, Scnn1a-TG3-Cre x Ai32 | C57BL6, Cx3Cr1GFP+/− mice | Thy1-ChR2-YFP, GAD67-GFP10, wild-type ICR mice. | |
| Anesthetization | Anesthetized with isoflurane | Anesthetized with isoflurane | Awake | Anesthetized with isoflurane (OISI), awake (2PE-CaSDI) | Anesthetized with isoflurane | Anesthetized with isoflurane | |
| Region of interest | Primary sensory cortex (S1FL, S1HL), barrel cortex (S1BC |
Somatosensory cortex | Somatosensory cortex | Barrel cortex (C2), somatosensory (S1), and frontal area (ALM |
Somatosensory cortex | Barrel cortex | |
| Window | Window type | Sealed cranial window | Partial open skull window | Sealed cranial window | Open-close window (plug) | Accessible window | Sealed cranial window |
| Window size | 7 mm×8 mm bilateral, 7 mm×6 mm unilateral |
5 mm in diameter | 3~3.5 mm in diameter 8 mm round coverslip |
3 mm in diameter | 6 mm in diameter | ~ 4×4 mm | |
| Window material | Glass coverslip | Glass coverslip | Glass coverslip | Glass coverslip | Glass coverslip, PDMS film | Glass coverslip, metal holding bar | |
| Bonding material | Mixture of dental cement and polyacrylic glue | UV curable dental acrylic | Mixture of dental cement and polyacrylic glue | Optical curable glue, dental acrylic | Cyanoacrylate glue and a dental resin | Dental acrylic | |
| Optical imaging | Imaging technique | VSDI | Vascular fluorescence imaging | 2PE-CaSDI, OISI | 2PE-CaSDI, OISI | 2PEF, OISI | 2PEF, 2PE-CaSDI, OISI |
| Measuring frequency (temporal resolution) | 150 Hz (6.67 msec/frame) | N/A | 10 Hz | 7.8 Hz per plane (2PE-CaSDI) | 10 Hz (OISI) | 25~50 Hz (2PEF line scan), 10 Hz (CaSDI), 18 Hz (OISI) | |
| Measuring time | 108 frames (~720 msec) | N/A | 6 min | 8 sec (2PE-CaSDI), 20 sec (OISI) | 5 min (2PEF), 20 sec (OISI) | N/A | |
| Objective lens | 5X/0.15 NA, 20X/0.50 NA | N/A | N/A | 16x/0.8 NA | 25X/0.95 NA or 10X/0.22 NA (2PEF) | 4X/0.28 NA, 5X 0.16NA, 20X/0.5 NA | |
| Test & Apparatus | Objectives | Comparison of sensory-evoked cortical maps with ChR2 |
N/A | Habituation-dishabituation olfactory test, smell recognition | Photoinhibition of barrel cortex during wall tracking | Electrical stimulation | Vascular and electrical responses to optogenetic photostimulation |
| Combined methodology | Sensory stimulation, Optogenetic stimulation, electroencephalogram (EEG) | Micro-ECoG |
Patch-clamp recordings evoked cortical activity | Optogenetic stimulation, sensory stimulation (whisker), extracellular electrophysiology | Hindpaw electrical stimulation | LFP |
|
| Additional apparatus | Piezoelectric device for sensory stimulator | N/A | Air-lifted mobile homecage | Tactile virtual reality system for head-fixed mice running on a spherical treadmill, movable walls for whisker stimulation, laser photostimulation system | Inserting 30-gauge needle electrodes, connected to a pulse isolator and pulse stimulator | Stimulation device | |
| Life supporting system | 37°C heating pad | Pulse oximeter | N/A | 37°C heat blanket | 36.5~37.5°C heating pad | N/A | |
| Ref. | Published year | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2018 |
| First author | Lim, D. H. | Schendel, A. A. | Kislin, M. | Sofroniew, N.J | Heo, C. | Thunemann, M. | |
This table shows the multi-functional cranial and spinal windows or special designed cranial and spinal windows to combine neuroimaging and other neuroscience methodologies such as EEG, ECoG, patch clamp or Optogenetic stimulation, simultaneously.
aS1BC primary somatosensory; aS1BC barrel cortex; bA1 primary auditory cortex; cALM anterior lateral motor cortex; dChR2 channelrhodopsin-2; eECoG electrocorticography; fLFP local field potential.