Fig. 1. Gallic acid (GA) improved spatial learning and memory deficits in sleep-deprived mice. (A) Time line of the experiment. Blue line, time period of GA; Red line indicates sleep deprivation for 72 h. (B) Percentage of distance in the Y-maze novel arm. Control vs. SD+Saline, p<0.001; SD+Saline vs. SD+GA, p<0.001. (C) Time in the Y-maze novel arm. Control vs. SD+Saline, p=0.032; SD+Saline vs. SD+GA, p=0.027. (D) Summary of spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. Control vs. SD+Saline, p=0.529; SD vs. SD+GA, p>0.05. (E) The mean velocity in the Y-maze. Control vs. SD+Saline, p>0.05; SD+Saline vs. SD+GA, p>0.05. All data are shown as mean±SEM., *p<0.05, ***p<0.01, ns, not significant, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. Control mice, n=14; SD+Saline mice, n=17; SD+GA mice, n=14.
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