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Review Article

Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23(2): 124-129

Published online June 30, 2014

https://doi.org/10.5607/en.2014.23.2.124

© The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences

Naringin: A Protector of the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Projection

Un Ju Jung1, Eunju Leem2,3 and Sang Ryong Kim2,3,4,5*

1Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, 2School of Life Sciences, 3BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, 4Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, 5Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-842, Korea

Correspondence to: *To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TEL: 82-53-950-7362, FAX: 82-53-943-2762
e-mail: srk75@knu.ac.kr

Received: April 22, 2014; Revised: May 14, 2014; Accepted: May 14, 2014

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and a biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels. Despite the lack of fully understanding of the etiology of Parkinson's disease, accumulating evidences suggest that Parkinson's disease may be caused by the insufficient support of neurotrophic factors, and by microglial activation, resident immune cells in the brain. Naringin, a major flavonone glycoside in grapefruits and citrus fruits, is considered as a protective agent against neurodegenerative diseases because it can induce not only anti-oxidant effects but also neuroprotective effects by the activation of anti-apoptotic pathways and the induction of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. We have recently reported that naringin has neuroprotective effects in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson's disease. Our observations show that intraperitoneal injection of naringin induces increases in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity in dopaminergic neurons of rat brains with anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, the production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by naringin treatment contributes to the protection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson's disease. Although the effects of naringin on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in human brains are largely unknown, these results suggest that naringin may be a beneficial natural product for the prevention of dopaminergic degeneration in the adult brain.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, naringin, mTORC1, GDNF, neuroprotection