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  • KSBNS 2024

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Original Article

Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32(6): 423-440

Published online December 31, 2023

https://doi.org/10.5607/en23025

© The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences

Temperature-induced Artifacts in Tau Phosphorylation: Implications for Reliable Alzheimer’s Disease Research

Geoffrey Canet1,2, Emma Rocaboy1, Francis Laliberté2, Emmanuelle Boscher2, Isabelle Guisle2, Sofia Diego-Diaz1, Parissa Fereydouni-Forouzandeh1, Robert A. Whittington3, Sébastien S. Hébert1,2, Vincent Pernet1,4 and Emmanuel Planel1,2*

1Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2,
2Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada,
3Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,
4Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland

Correspondence to: *To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TEL: 1-418-525-4444, FAX: 1-418-654-2753
e-mail: emmanuel.planel@neurosciences.ulaval.ca

Received: August 4, 2023; Revised: December 10, 2023; Accepted: December 19, 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In preclinical research on Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies, tau phosphorylation analysis is routinely employed in both cellular and animal models. However, recognizing the sensitivity of tau phosphorylation to various extrinsic factors, notably temperature, is vital for experimental accuracy. Hypothermia can trigger tau hyperphosphorylation, while hyperthermia leads to its dephosphorylation. Nevertheless, the rapidity of tau phosphorylation in response to unintentional temperature variations remains unknown. In cell cultures, the most significant temperature change occurs when the cells are removed from the incubator before harvesting, and in animal models, during anesthesia prior to euthanasia. In this study, we investigate the kinetics of tau phosphorylation in N2a and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines, as well as in mice exposed to anesthesia. We observed changes in tau phosphorylation within the few seconds upon transferring cell cultures from their 37°C incubator to room temperature conditions. However, cells placed directly on ice post-incubation exhibited negligible phosphorylation changes. In vivo, isoflurane anesthesia rapidly resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation within the few seconds needed to lose the pedal withdrawal reflex in mice. These findings emphasize the critical importance of preventing temperature variation in researches focused on tau. To ensure accurate results, we recommend avoiding anesthesia before euthanasia and promptly placing cells on ice after removal from the incubator. By controlling temperature fluctuations, the reliability and validity of tau phosphorylation studies can be significantly enhanced.

Graphical Abstract


Keywords: Tau phosphorylation, Neuronal cells, Temperature, C57BL6 mice, Anesthesia, Alzheimer’s disease